智仁原创 | 欧盟《人工智能法》即将生效 全球争定人工智能护栏势头明朗
EU AI Act Set to Take Effect Global Momentum Clear for Establishing AI Guardrails
一
《人工智能法》将分阶段施行(EU AI Act to Be Implemented in Phases)
欧盟《人工智能法》将于2024年8月1日整体生效，生效后分阶段、分步骤施行。具体而言，该法案将于其生效后24个月全面施行。部分条款实施时间不同，详见本节。
The EU AI Act will come into effect on August 1, 2024, and will be implemented in phases and steps. Specifically, the Act will be fully implemented 24 months after its entry into force. Different provisions have different implementation times; please refer to this section for details.
1.1 《人工智能法》将分阶段施行(AI Act to Be Implemented in Stages)
1.2 法案原文摘录
根据欧盟《人工智能法》第113条[i参见《人工智能法》第113条.]
Article 113 Entry into force and application
该条例自其公布(2024年7月13日）后第20日起生效(2024年8月2日）。
This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
该法案自2026年8月2日施行，除：
It shall apply from 2 August 2026.However:
（a）第一章（总则）和第二章（被禁止的AI实践）自2025年2月2日起施行
Chapters I and II shall apply from 2 February 2025
（b）第三章第4节（通知机关和通知机构）、第五章（通用AI模型）、第七章（治理）和第十二章（罚则）（除第101条关于通用AI模型提供者的罚则）和第78条（保密）自2025年8月2日施行；
Chapter III Section 4, Chapter V, Chapter VII and Chapter XII and Article 78 shall apply from 2 August 2025, with the exception of Article 101;
（c）第6条第1款（关于特定高风险AI系统分类及相应义务的规定）和本条例中的相应义务自2027年8月2日起施行。
Article 6(1) and the corresponding obligations in this Regulation shall apply from 2 August 2027.
本条例以其整体具备约束力，并直接适用于所有成员国。
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
二
适用《人工智能法》的AI系统范围和适用主体( The Scope of AI Systems and Subjects Applicable under the EU AI Act)
2.1 适用《人工智能法》的AI系统范围 (The Scope of AI Systems under the EU AI Act)
根据该法案第3条规定，“人工智能[ ii参见《人工智能法》第3（1）条.]是一种基于机器的系统，设计以不同程度的自主性运行，在部署后可能表现出适应性，并且为了明确或隐含的目标，从其接收的输入中推断如何生成可影响物理或虚拟环境的输出，如预测、内容、建议或决定。”该定义的关键词在于“推断"和“自主"，将人工智能系统与其他软件作出区分。
法案原文摘录：AI system’ means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, infers, from the input it receives, how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions that can influence physical or virtual environments;
同时，该法案也规定了例外情形：（1）不适用于专门为军事、国防或国家安全目的而投放市场、提供服务或经修改或不经修改而使用的人工智能系统；[iii 参见《人工智能法》第2条第3项.]（2）不适用于专为科学研究和开发目的而开发和提供服务的人工智能系统和模型，包括其输出；[iv 参见《人工智能法》第2条第6项.]（3）不适用于人工智能系统或模型在投放市场或提供服务前的任何研究、测试和开发活动；[v参见《人工智能法》第2条第8项.]（4）不适用于纯粹个人非职业活动中使用人工智能系统的自然人部署者的义务；[vi参见《人工智能法》第2条第10项.]（5）不适用于根据免费且开源许可发布的人工智能系统。[vii 参见《人工智能法》第2条第12项.]
法案原文摘录：1) This Regulation does not apply to AI systems where and in so far they are placed on the market, put into service, or used with or without modification exclusively for military, defence or national security purposes, regardless of the type of entity carrying out those activities. 2) This Regulation does not apply to AI systems or AI models, including their output, specifically developed and put into service for the sole purpose of scientific research and development. 3) This Regulation does not apply to any research, testing or development activity regarding AI systems or AI models prior to their being placed on the market or put into service. Such activities shall be conducted in accordance with applicable Union law. 4) This Regulation does not apply to obligations of deployers who are natural persons using AI systems in the course of a purely pers阿onal non-professional activity. 5) This Regulation does not apply to AI systems released under free and open-source licences, unless they are placed on the market or put into service as high-risk AI systems or as an AI system that falls under Article 5 or 50.
AI系统往往会同时涉及到其他欧盟法对产品的要求，根据该法案规定，《人工智能法》不妨碍与消费者保护和产品安全相关的其他欧盟法案所规定的规制。[ viii参见《人工智能法》第2条第9项.]
法案原文摘录：This Regulation is without prejudice to the rules laid down by other Union legal acts related to consumer protection and product safety.
2.2 《人工智能法》的适用主体(The Subjects Applicable under the EU AI Act)
《人工智能法》广泛适用于与欧盟市场有连接点的人工智能提供商（providers）、使用商（deployers）、进口商（importers）、分销商（distributors）和产品制造商（product manufacturers）。
The AI Act broadly applies to AI providers, deployers, importers, distributors, and product manufacturers that have a connection to the EU market.
三
《人工智能法》实施分级管理(AI Act applies tiered regulation)
3.1 《人工智能法》实施四级分级监管(Four-Tiered Regulatory Framework under the AI Act)
3.2 法案原文摘录
四
《人工智能法》下的执法与处罚 (Enforcement and Penalties under the EU AI Act)
2024年5月29日，欧盟委员会对外公布将在委员会内部设立人工智能办公室，负责监督法案在各成员国的执行和实施情况。由成员国代表组成的人工智能委员会将继续作为委员会的协调平台和咨询机构，并将在法规的实施方面赋予成员国重要作用。[xii参见http://chinawto.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ap/p/202406/20240603515445.shtml，最后访问：2024年7月24日.]法案将主要通过各成员国的主管机构来执行。成员国有义务在法案实施1年内向欧盟委员会提名相关国家主管机构，以便在每个成员国执行法案。
On May 29, 2024, the European Commission announced the establishment of an Artificial Intelligence Office within the Commission, responsible for overseeing the implementation and enforcement of the Act in all member states. The Artificial Intelligence Board, composed of representatives from member states, will continue to serve as a coordination platform and advisory body to the Commission, playing a significant role in the implementation of the regulation. The Act will primarily be enforced through the competent authorities of each member state. Member states are obligated to nominate the relevant national competent authorities to the European Commission within one year of the Act's implementation, ensuring its enforcement in every member state.
作者简介
林芳
浙江智仁律师事务所
涉外（一带一路）
专业委员会主任
教育背景:
西南政法大学经济学学士、安徽财经大学法律硕士
专业方向:
涉外民商事纠纷、海事海商
执业格言:
笃实办案，实现共赢
作者简介
袁瑞笑
浙江智仁律师事务所
律师助理
教育背景：
华中科技大学法律硕士
专业方向：
涉外民商事纠纷
